Swellable hydrogel-forming polymers having high permeability

ABSTRACT

Swellable hydrogel-forming polymers having high permeability Swellable hydrogel-forming polymer comprising at least one hydrophilic polymer of dendritic structure and at least one water-insoluble phosphate, a process for preparing the swellable hydrogel-forming polymer and also its use in hygiene articles.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is the U.S. national phase application of International Application No. PCT/EP2005/003009, filed Mar. 22, 2005, which claims the benefit of German patent application No. 10 2004 015 686.7, filed Mar. 29, 2004.

The present invention concerns swellable hydrogel-forming polymers having high permeability, a process for preparing swellable hydrogel-forming polymers having high permeability and also their use.

Swellable hydrogel-forming polymers, known as superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) or superabsorbents for short, are known from the prior art.

Swellable hydrogel-forming polymers are in particular polymers of (co)polymerized hydrophilic monomers, graft (co)polymers of one or more hydrophilic monomers on a suitable grafting base, crosslinked cellulose ethers, crosslinked starch ethers, crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose, partially crosslinked polyalkylene oxide or natural products which are capable of swelling in aqueous fluids, such as guar derivatives for example. Such polymers are used as products capable of absorbing aqueous solutions to manufacture diapers, tampons, sanitary napkins and other hygiene articles, but also as water-retaining agents in market gardening or to thicken all kinds of wastes, especially medical wastes.

Swellable hydrogel-forming polymers are preferably capable of absorbing at least 10 times their own weight and preferably 20 times their own weight, based on the polymer used, of 0.9% by weight sodium chloride solution. This absorption is preferably achieved even under a pressure of 0.7 psi for example.

Swellable hydrogel-forming polymers are typically surface or gel postcrosslinked to improve their performance characteristics. This postcrosslinking is known per se to one skilled in the art and preferably takes place in an aqueous gel phase or as surface postcrosslinking of the ground and classified polymeric particles.

The WO-A-02/060983 patent application describes superabsorbent particles which are aftertreated with a water-insoluble metal phosphate. In effect, metal phosphate particles become associated with the surface of the superabsorbent particles. This provides superabsorbents having high absorption capacity, improved liquid-transporting properties and a high swell rate. The metal phosphate particles preferably have an average particle size in the range from 2 to 7 μm, i.e., attrition of the metal phosphate particles may give rise to a not inconsiderable dust fraction.

Superabsorbents are subject to abrasive processes during production and processing which cause corners to be knocked off particles, which creates attritus especially when the superabsorbent particles are aftertreated with a water-insoluble metal phosphate. The attritus produced leads to filter plugging, tacky deposits, clumping and appreciable problems with conveying the superabsorbent. The large surface area of the attritus is responsible for rapid absorption of moisture from the surroundings and for precipitate dust to become sticky, which leads to contamination of manufacturing equipment. Furthermore, hard agglomerates of dust form within pneumatic conveying systems. Furthermore, the fine attritus is considered extremely undesirable by hygienists and occupational physicians.

Unless the attritus is specifically separated off, it will lead to problems at superabsorbent production or before the polymer is incorporated in a hygiene article and also, owing to the lack of metal phosphates on the surface of the superabsorbent particles, to much reduced permeability (SFC) of the gel in use. This then leads to increased rates of leakage.

Processes for dedusting superabsorbents have therefore already been proposed in the patent applications WO-A-92/13912, WO-A-94/22940 and EP-A-0 679 678.

WO-A-92/13912 and WO-A-94/22940 describe the dedusting of superabsorbents by surfacial coating with polyethylene glycols. Polyethylene glycols are disadvantageous in that, being linear and water-soluble polymers, they greatly increase the viscosity of the solution surrounding the gel particles and so reduce the fluidity of the solution. Used in a hygiene article, this leads to inferior saline flow conductivity (SFC) in the swollen gel.

EP-A-0 679 678 describes a process wherein the dust content of a pulverulent superabsorbent is reduced by aftertreatment with silicones. This reference also recommends the use of additional dedusting agents, such as polyglycols and polyglycol ethers for example. Silicones have an undesirable hydrophobicizing effect on superabsorbents, which reduces their swell rate.

EP-A-0 755 964 describes the surface coating of superabsorbents with insoluble waxes. However, the waxes used have a hydrophobicizing effect on superabsorbents in some instances and are difficult to disperse without assistants. But the dispersants customarily used as assistants for these purposes have a surface-active character and lower the surface tension of the liquid entrapped in the hygiene article, and this can in turn lead to leakage.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,561 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,256 describe the use of suitable polymeric and non-polymeric binders in binding superabsorbent particles to fibers. The binder shall be capable of binding superabsorbent particles to the fibers in the hygiene article via hydrogen bonds. The possible adverse effect of the binder on the swollen gel's saline flow conductivity, especially with regard to the disclosed polymeric binders, or the surface tension of the liquid entrapped in the hygiene article is not mentioned, nor is any disclosure of a solution to these problems. Moreover, it must be emphasized with regard to the non-polymeric binders that these are not very desirable as solvents in hygiene articles because of their out-gassing in the use state and their effect on skin. There is no disclosure of teaching to minimize such solvents while at the same time dedusting and binding the particles to the fiber.

None of the references mentioned contains any suggestion as to how the adhesion of water-insoluble metal phosphate to the surface of superabsorbent particles might be improved.

It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a process for preparing swellable hydrogel-forming polymers, known as superabsorbents, wherein a superabsorbent having high permeability is obtained and wherein neither the swellability nor the saline flow conductivity is made inferior compared with the untreated superabsorbent.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process for preparing superabsorbents wherein the superabsorbents are aftertreated with powdery and/or dusty additives and wherein the superabsorbents have a low dust or attritus fraction.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process for preparing swellable hydrogel-forming polymers wherein the dust or attritus fraction of the superabsorbent obtained increases only insignificantly, if at all, on exposure to a mechanical stressor. Dust and attritus refers to particles less than 10 μm in diameter.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process for preparing superabsorbents wherein the superabsorbents are aftertreated with at least one powdery and/or dusty water-insoluble metal phosphate and wherein the superabsorbent obtained has a low dust or attritus fraction with neither its swellability nor its saline flow conductivity having been rendered inferior compared with the untreated superabsorbent, i.e., the powdery and/or dusty water-insoluble metal phosphates shall be optimally bound to the superabsorbent particles.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process for preparing superabsorbents wherein superabsorbents having an optimized behavior for conveyance are obtained. The superabsorbents obtained here shall exhibit a certain degree of tackiness in order, for example, that they may be readily metered with conveyor screws without any increase in the tendency to cake, especially at high relative humidity.

We have found that, surprisingly, by using hydrophilic polymers of dendritic structure in the preparation of swellable hydrogel-forming polymers superabsorbents having a low attritus fraction, especially after exposure to a mechanical stressor, an improved ability to bind to powdery and/or dusty additives, a high rate of swell, a high saline flow conductivity and optimal flow behavior are obtained.

Dendritic polymers are defined in Römpp, Lexikon-Chemie, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 10^(th) edition, page 898, as synthetic macromolecules which are constructed by stepwise attachment of two or more monomers at a time to each previously attached monomer, so that the number of monomer end groups grows exponentially with every step to ultimately create a spherical treelike structure.

Hydrophilic polymers of dendritic structure which are useful for the purposes of the present invention are polyols having 8 or more, preferably 16 or more and more preferably 32 or more hydroxyl groups and a nonlinear skeleton which has preferably been branched 14-fold or more and more preferably 30-fold or more.

Hydrophilic polymers of dendritic structure include for example polyesters which are obtained from a polyol by esterification with a C₃-C₂₀-hydroxycarboxylic acid, preferably with a C₄-C₁₂-hydroxycarboxylic acid and more preferably with a C₅-C₈-hydroxy-carboxylic acid, the hydroxycarboxylic acid comprising at least two hydroxyl groups, preferably two hydroxyl groups, and/or at least two carboxylic acid groups. Particular preference is given to hydroxycarboxylic acids having two hydroxyl groups and one carboxylic acid group, especially 2,2-dimethylolpropionic acid. Polyols are compounds having at least two hydroxyl groups, examples being ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, butylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, bisphenol A, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol and/or sorbitol. Preference is given to dendritic polyesters, with particular preference being given to Boltorn® 20, Boltorn® 30, Boltorn® 40 and Boltorn® 310 (Perstorp Specialty Chemicals AB, Sweden).

Useful hydrophilic polymers of dendritic structure for the purposes of the present invention further include polymers which are obtainable by condensation of polyols having at least three hydroxyl groups and subsequent alkoxylation. Examples thereof are branched polyethylene glycols obtainable by condensation of glycerol molecules and subsequent ethoxylation.

Useful hydrophilic polymers of dendritic structure for the purposes of the present invention further include all polymers which are obtainable by addition polymerization of a monomer having at least one hydroxyl group and subsequent alkoxylation. The addition polymerization is preferably carried out in the presence of a crosslinker. This gives polymer particles which have a hydrophilic surface because of a multiplicity of hydroxyl groups at the surface. For example, so-called star polyethylene glycols are obtainable according to Makromol. Chem. 189, 2885 (1988) by free-radical polymerization of p-hydroxyethylstyrene and subsequent alkoxylation. Further examples of useful polymers according to the present invention are the highly branched polymers of the HYBRANE® brand and also the Astramol Dendrimers® (DSM N.V., NL). They include in particular highly branched poly(propyleneimine)s, obtainable for example from butylenediamine by repeated multiple Michael addition with acrylonitrile and hydrogenation, star polycaprolactones, star nylon-6, highly branched polyesteramides, for example on the basis of the addition product from succinic anhydride and diethanolamine in a molar ratio of 1:1. The process of the present invention can also be carried out using so-called PAMAM dendrimers based on poly(amidoamine), obtainable for example from ammonia by repeated multiple reaction with methyl acrylate and ethylenediamine.

It is possible to use polyglycerols, star-shaped polyethylene glycols and also other hydrophilic compounds, but preferably polyalcohols, of sphere- or cumulus-shaped, nonlinear molecular geometry.

Preference is given to such hydrophilic polymers of dendritic structures as have a glass transition temperature Tg from 20 to 100° C. and more preferably from 25 to 50° C. and/or an average molecular weight from 1000 to 10 000 g/mol and more preferably from 2000 to 6000 g/mol.

The amount of hydrophilic polymer of dendritic structure utilized in the process of the present invention is preferably in the range from 0.005% to 10% by weight, more preferably in the range from 0.01% to 5% by weight, even more preferably in the range from 0.05% to 1% by weight and especially in the range from 0.10% to 0.80% by weight, based on the swellable hydrogel-forming polymer.

The hydrophilic polymers of dendritic structure are preferably mixed with the dried water-absorbing hydrogel. Dry refers preferably to a water content of less than 20% by weight and more preferably of less than 10% by weight. But the hydrophilic polymer of dendritic structure can also be added to the swellable hydrogel-forming polymer before, during and/or after the surface-postcrosslinking operation, but it is preferably added during the surface-postcrosslinking operation.

The form of mixing is not subject to any restrictions, but preference is given to using reaction mixers or mixing and drying ranges, such as for example Lödige® mixers, BEPEX® mixers, NAUTA® mixers, SCHUGGI® mixers, NARA® dryers and PROCESSALL®. Fluidized bed dryers can also be used moreover. The mixing is advantageously carried out using a residence time from 1 to 180 minutes and preferably from 5 to 20 minutes and a speed from 25 to 375 rpm and preferably from 100 to 150 rpm.

When applied together with the surface-postcrosslinking solution, the surface postcrosslinker can be applied together with the dendritic polymer in solution; alternatively, separate streams of liquid can be jetted into the postcrosslinking mixer via separate nozzles. When additives in dust or powder form are applied, it is further possible to dissolve the dendritic polymer in a solvent in which the dusty or powdery additive can be dispersed as well. This mixture may optionally also include the surface postcrosslinker.

Useful solvents include all conventional solvents used in surface postcrosslinking. Particular preference is given to water and preference is further given to 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, glycerol and also mixtures thereof. Particular preference is given to mixtures of water with one or more of the aforementioned organic solvents. However, the choice of solvent is governed by the requirements which lead to effective production of the solution and is not restricted to the aforementioned ones.

Optionally, one or more surface-active substances or dispersants may be added to the solvent. It is possible to add preferably nonionic surfactants such as for example sorbitan monolaurate (Span 20), sorbitan monododecanate, sorbitan monohexadecanate, sorbitan monooctadecanate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan trioleate which are obtainable under the tradenames Span 40, Span 60, Span 80, Span 83, Span 85.

Preferably, however, no surface-active substance is added to the solution as a dispersing aid.

The dendritic polymer's solution or dispersion, which may optionally include one or more dispersed dusty or powdery additives, which may optionally include a dispersing assistant, which may further optionally include aluminum sulfate or a soluble metal salt of some other 2-, 3- or 4-valent metal, such as for example soluble salts or organic compounds of Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, Zr or La, and which optionally may include at least one surface postcrosslinker, is preferably prepared by melting (if necessary) the dendritic polymer and pouring the melt into the solvent or into a portion of the solvent and subsequently diluting with the other portion. The operation is preferably accompanied by thorough stirring and more preferably by turbulent stirring, using an Ultraturax for example. Alternatively, the dendritic polymer can also be melted directly in the hot solvent or in a portion thereof. Furthermore, the dendritic polymer can also be dispersed for example using ultrasound or else suitable nozzles.

When dusty or powdery additives are to be dispersed in as well, it is particularly advisable to use a suitable continuous or batch mixer to prepare the dispersion. Particular preference is given to mixers from IKA-Werke GmbH & Co KG which are designated MHD 2000/4, MHD 2000/5 and also CMS 2000/4. Mixers of similar construction and other makes as well can also be used, of course. It is further possible to use grinding pumps as described in DE 10131606, for example NEWX 80-50-315, from Wernert-Pumpen GmbH, to prepare the dispersion.

In specific cases, the dispersion can also be prepared by batch- or continuous-operated ultrasonication. It is further possible to use the customary conventional wet-grinding process to prepare the dispersion. Particular preference is also given to wet-chemical precipitation of fine particles by chemical reaction between soluble components with or without stirring while heating. This generally leads to particularly finely divided precipitates.

The present invention further provides swellable hydrogel-forming polymers which are obtainable by the process of the present invention, especially swellable hydrogel-forming polymers comprising less than 100 weight ppm, preferably less than 50 weight ppm and more preferably less than 10 weight ppm of particles less than 10 μm in diameter, and also their use for absorbing blood and/or body fluids, especially urine.

The present invention further provides swellable hydrogel-forming polymers which are obtainable by the process of the present invention, especially swellable hydrogel-forming polymers comprising less than 100 weight ppm, preferably less than 50 weight ppm and more preferably less than 10 weight ppm of particles less than 10 μm in diameter, wherein the swellable hydrogel-forming polymer comprises at least one powdery and/or dusty additive, such as for example metal salts, such as aluminum sulfate and/or magnesium sulfate, pyrogenic silicas, such as Aerosil® 200, polysaccharides and derivatives thereof, nonionic surfactants, waxes, diatomaceous earth and/or hollow microspheres, especially water-insoluble phosphates such as calcium phosphate, and also their use for absorbing blood and/or body fluids, especially urine.

Water-insoluble refers to a solubility of less than 1 g, preferably of less than 0.1 g and more preferably of less than 0.01 g in 100 ml of water at 25° C.

Hollow microspheres are described in Chem. Ing. Techn. 75, 669 (2003). Hollow microspheres are gas-filled or evacuated globular solid particles from 1 to 1000 μm in diameter. Their wall thickness is typically between 1% and 10% of the diameter. Wall materials are not subject to any restriction. Possible wall materials are glass, ceramic-forming oxides or interoxides, silicates, aluminosilicates, polymers, polycondensates and metals.

The swellable hydrogel-forming polymers of the present invention have a saline flow conductivity (SFC) of typically not less than 40×10⁻⁷ cm³s/g, preferably not less than 60×10⁻⁷ cm³s/g, more preferably not less than 80×10⁻⁷ cm³s/g and even more preferably not less than 120×10⁻⁷ cm³s/g and most preferably not less than 130×10⁻⁷ cm³s/g.

The swellable hydrogel-forming polymers of the present invention have a centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) of typically not less than 24 g/g, preferably not less than 25 g/g, more preferably not less than 26 g/g, even more preferably not less than 28 g/g and most preferably not less than 30 g/g.

The swellable hydrogel-forming polymers of the present invention have an absorbency under load (AUL) of typically not less than 20 g/g, preferably not less than 22 g/g, more preferably not less than 23 g/g, even more preferably not less than 25 g/g and most preferably not less than 28 g/g.

Powdery additives preferably have an average particle size of less than 2000 μm, more preferably less than 400 μm.

Dusty additives have an average particle size of less than 200 μm, preferably less than 50 μm and more preferably less than 10 μm.

The present invention further provides hygiene articles comprising superabsorbents prepared according to the present invention.

The swellable hydrogel-forming polymers which can be used in the process of the present invention are in particular polymers of crosslinked (co)polymerized hydrophilic monomers, polyaspartic acid, graft (co)polymers of one or more hydrophilic monomers on a suitable grafting base, crosslinked cellulose ethers, crosslinked starch ethers or natural products which are swellable in aqueous fluids, such as guar derivatives for example. Preferably, the polymer to be crosslinked is a polymer which comprises structure units which derive from acrylic acid or esters thereof or which were obtained by graft copolymerization of acrylic acid or acrylic esters on a water-soluble polymeric matrix. These hydrogels will be known to one skilled in the art and are described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,286,082, DE-C-27 06 135, U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,706, DE-C-37 13 601, DE-C-28 40 010, DE-A-43 44 548, DE-A-40 20 780, DE-A-40 15 085, DE-A-39 17 846, DE-A-38 07 289, DE-A-35 33 337, DE-A-35 03 458, DE-A-42 44 548, DE-A-42 19 607, DE-A40 21 847, DE-A-38 31 261, DE-A-35 11 086, DE-A-31 18 172, DE-A-30 28 043, DE-A-44 18 881, EP-A-0 801 483, EP-A-0 455 985, EP-A-0 467 073, EP-A-0 312 952, EP-A-0 205 874, EP-A-0 499 774, DE-A-26 12 846, DE-A-40 20 780, EP-A-0 205 674, U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,906, EP-A-0 530 438, EP-A-0 670 073, U.S. Pat. No. 4,057,521, U.S. Pat. No. 4,062,817, U.S. Pat. No. 4,525,527, U.S. Pat. No. 4,295,987, U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,892, U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,663 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,497. The content of the above named patent documents as far as it concerns the type and preparation of these hydrogels is expressly part of the present publication.

Examples of hydrophilic monomers suitable for preparing these swellable hydrogel-forming polymers are acids which are capable of addition polymerization, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, vinylsulfonic acid, vinylphosphonic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanephosphonic acid and also their amides, hydroxyalkyl esters and amino- or ammonio-containing esters and amides and also the alkali metal and/or ammonium salts of the acid-functional monomers. It is further possible to use water-soluble N-vinylamides such as N-vinylformamide or else diallyidimethylammonium chloride. Preferred hydrophilic monomers are compounds of the general formula I

where

-   R¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₄-alkyl, such as for example methyl or ethyl, or     carboxyl, -   R² is —COOR⁴, hydroxysulfonyl or phosphonyl, a phosphonyl group     esterified with a C₁-C₄-alkanol, or a group of the formula II

-   R³ is hydrogen, C₁-C₄-alkyl, such as for example methyl or ethyl, -   R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁-C₄-aminoalkyl, C₁-C₄-hydroxyalkyl, alkali metal     ion or ammonium ion, and -   R⁵ is a sulfonyl group, a phosphonyl group or a carboxyl group or a     respective alkali metal or ammonium salt thereof.

Examples of C₁-C₄-alkanols are methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol or n-butanol.

Particularly preferred hydrophilic monomers are acrylic acid and methacrylic acid and also their alkali metal or ammonium salts, for example sodium acrylate, potassium acrylate or ammonium acrylate.

Suitable grafting bases for hydrophilic hydrogels which are obtainable by graft copolymerization of olefinically unsaturated acids or their alkali metal or ammonium salts can be of natural or synthetic origin. Examples are starch, cellulose or cellulose derivatives and also other polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, polyalkylene oxides, especially polyethylene oxides and polypropylene oxides, and also hydrophilic polyesters.

Suitable polyalkylene oxides have for example the formula III

where

-   R⁶, R⁷ are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, such as for example     methyl ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl, C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, such as for     example ethenyl, n-propenyl or isopropenyl, C₇-C₂₀-aralkyl, such as     for example phenylmethyl, 1-phenylethyl or 2-phenylethyl, or aryl,     such as for example 2-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl or 4-ethylphenyl, -   R⁸ is hydrogen or methyl, and -   n is an integer from 1 to 10 000. -   R⁶ and R⁷ are each preferably hydrogen, C₁-C₄-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl     or phenyl.

Preferred hydrogels are in particular polyacrylates, polymethacrylates and also the U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,497, U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,892 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,496 graft polymers.

The swellable hydrogel-forming polymers have preferably been crosslinked, i.e., they comprise compounds having at least two double bonds which have been polymerized into the polymeric network. Suitable crosslinkers are in particular N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide and N,N′-methylenebismethacrylamide, esters of unsaturated mono- or polycarboxylic acids of polyols, such as diacrylate or triacrylate, for example butanediol or ethylene glycol diacrylate or methacrylate and also trimethylolpropane triacrylate and allyl compounds such as allyl (meth)acrylate, triallyl cyanurate, diallyl maleate, polyallyl esters, tetraallyloxyethane, triallylamine, tetraallylethylenediamine, allyl esters of phosphoric acid and also vinylphosphonic acid derivatives as described for example in EP-A-0 343 427. The process of the present invention can further utilize hydrogels which are prepared using polyallyl ethers as a crosslinker and by acidic homopolymerization of acrylic acid. Suitable crosslinkers are pentaerythritol triallyl and tetraallyl ethers, polyethylene glycol diallyl ether, ethylene glycol diallyl ether, glycerol diallyl ether, glycerol triallyl ether, polyallyl ethers based on sorbitol, and also ethoxylated variants thereof.

The preferred methods of making the base polymer which can be used in the process of the present invention are described in “Modern Superabsorbent Polymer Technology”, F. L. Buchholz and A. T. Graham, Wiley-VCH, 1998, pages 77 to 84. Particular preference is given to base polymers which are prepared in a kneader, as described for example in WO-A-01/38402, or on a belt reactor, as described for example in EP-A-0 955 086.

The water-absorbing polymer is preferably a polymeric acrylic acid or a polyacrylate. This water-absorbing polymer can be prepared by a process known from the literature. Preference is given to polymers which comprise crosslinking comonomers in amounts from 0.001 to 10 mol % and preferably 0.01 to 1 mol %, but very particular preference is given to polymers which were obtained by free-radical polymerization and where a polyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated free-radical crosslinker was used which additionally bears at least one free hydroxyl group (such as for example pentaerythritol triallyl ether or trimethylolpropane diallyl ether).

The swellable hydrogel-forming polymers are preparable by addition polymerization processes known per se. Preference is given to addition polymerization in aqueous solution conducted as a gel polymerization. It involves for example 15% to 50% by weight aqueous solutions of one or more hydrophilic monomers and if appropriate of a suitable grafting base being addition polymerized in the presence of a free-radical initiator by utilizing the Trommsdorff-Norrish effect (Makromol. Chem. 1, 169 (1947)), preferably without mechanical mixing. The addition polymerization reaction may be carried out in the temperature range between 0 and 150° C. and preferably between 10 and 100° C., not only at atmospheric pressure but also at superatmospheric or reduced pressure. As usual, the addition polymerization can also be carried out in a protective gas atmosphere, preferably under nitrogen. The addition polymerization may be induced using high-energy electromagnetic rays or the customary chemical addition polymerization initiators, for example organic peroxides, such as benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, azo compounds such as azodiisobutyronitrile and also inorganic peroxo compounds such as (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ or K₂S₂O₈ or H₂O₂. They may be used if appropriate in combination with reducing agents such as sodium hydrogensulfite and iron(II) sulfate or redox systems, where the reducing component included is an aliphatic and aromatic sulfinic acid, such as benzenesulfinic acid and toluenesulfinic acid or derivatives of these acids, such as Mannich adducts of sulfinic acids, aldehydes and amino compounds, as described in DE-A-13 01 566. The performance characteristics of the polymers can be further improved by postheating the polymer gels in the temperature range from 50 to 130° C. and preferably from 70 to 100° C. for several hours.

The gels obtained are neutralized for example to 0 to 100 mol %, preferably 25 to 90 mol %, especially between 50 and 85 mol %, based on monomer used, for which the customary neutralizing agents can be used, preferably alkali metal hydroxides or alkali metal oxides, but more preferably sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.

Neutralization is typically achieved by mixing the neutralizing agent as an aqueous solution or else preferably as a solid into the gel. For this, the gel is mechanically comminuted, for example by means of a meat grinder, and the neutralizing agent is sprayed on, scattered on or poured on and then carefully mixed in. The gel mass obtained can then be repeatedly passed through the meat grinder for homogenization. The neutralized gel mass is then dried with a belt or can dryer until the residual moisture content is preferably below 10% by weight and especially below 5% by weight. The dried hydrogel is subsequently ground and sieved, and the grinding can typically be carried out using roll mills, pin mills or swing mills. The particle size of the sieved hydrogel is preferably in the range from 45 to 1000 μm, more preferably in the range from 45 to 850 μm, even more preferably in the range from 100 to 800 μm and yet more preferably in the range from 100 to 700 μm.

When more than 80% by weight of the particles are from 45 to 850 μm or from 100 to 850 μm or from 100 to 800 μm or from 150 to 800 μm or from 200 to 850 μm or from 250 to 850 μm or from 300 to 850 μm in size, the fraction of particles greater than 850 μm is preferably not more than 1% by weight and more preferably not more than 0.5% by weight.

Further preferred particle sizes are in the range of from 100-500 μm, 150-500 μm, 100-600 μm, 300-600 μm, smaller than 600 μm, smaller than 400 μm, more preferably smaller than 300 μm. Not less than 80% and preferably not less than 90% of all particles come within these ranges. The fraction of particles smaller than 100 μm is preferably less than 3% by weight and more preferably less than 1% by weight.

When from 80% to 95% by weight of the particles are from 150 to 500 μm or from 100 to 500 μm in size, it is preferable for the fraction of particles greater than 500 μm to be only not more than 10% by weight and the fraction of greater than 600 μm to be less than 1% by weight.

When from 80% to 95% by weight of the particles are from 150 to 600 μm or from 100 to 600 in size, it is preferable for the fraction of particles greater than 600 μm to be only not more than 10% by weight and preferably not more than 5% by weight and most preferably less than 1% by weight.

The postcrosslinking of swellable hydrogel-forming polymers is typically carried out by spraying a solution of the surface postcrosslinker onto the dry base polymer powder. After spraying, the polymeric powder is thermally dried, and the crosslinking reaction can take place not only before but also during the drying.

The spraying with a solution of the crosslinker is preferably carried out in reaction mixers or mixing and drying ranges, such as for example Lödige® mixers, BEPEX® mixers, NAUTA® mixers, SCHUGGI® mixers, NARA® dryers and PROCESSALL®. Fluidized bed dryers can be used as well.

Drying may take place in the mixer itself, by heating the jacket or introducing a stream of warm air. It is similarly possible to use a downstream dryer, such as for example a tray dryer, a rotary tube oven or a heatable screw. But it is also possible for example to utilize an azeotropic distillation as a drying process.

Preferred drying temperatures are in the range from 50 to 250° C., preferably in the range from 60 to 200° C. and more preferably in the range from 70 to 180° C. The preferred residence time at this temperature in the reaction mixer or dryer is below 60 minutes, preferably below 30 minutes and more preferably below 10 minutes.

The surface postcrosslinkers can be used alone or combined with other surface postcrosslinkers, for example ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, propylene glycol diglycidyl ether, dipropylene glycol diglycidyl ether, polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, polyglycerol diglycidyl ether, epichlorohydrin, ethylenediamine, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, butylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, bisphenol A, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 2-oxazolidones, such as 2-oxazolidinone or N-hydroxyethyl-2-oxazolidinone, 2,3-morpholinediones, such as N-2-hydroxyethyl-2,3-morpholinedione, N-methyl-2,3-morpholinedione, N-ethyl-2,3-morpholinedione and/or N-tert-butyl-2,3-morpholinedione, 2-oxotetrahydro-1,3-oxazine, N-acyl-2-oxazolidones, such as N-acetyl-2-oxazolidone, bicyclic amide acetals, such as 5-methyl-1-aza-4,6-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, 1-aza-4,6-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane and/or 5-isopropyl-1-aza-4,6-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, and/or bis- and poly-2-oxazolidinones.

The surface postcrosslinker is preferably dissolved in solvents which are not self-reactive, preferably in lower alcohols, such as for example methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, preferably isopropanol, most preferably in aqueous solutions of such suitable alcohols, in which case the alcohol content of the solution is in the range from 10% to 90% by weight, more preferably between 25% to 70% by weight and especially between 30% to 50% by weight.

The surface postcrosslinker is used in an amount from 0.01% to 1% by weight, based on the polymer used, and the crosslinker solution itself is used in an amount from 1% to 20% by weight and preferably from 3% to 15% by weight, based on the polymer used.

The swellable hydrogel-forming polymers of the present invention are useful for absorbing blood and/or body fluids in hygiene articles, such as for example incontinence articles, napkins, tampons, liners. To this end, the swellable hydrogel-forming polymers of the present invention can be processed with fibers, such as cellulose for example, and also fibrous webs to form absorbing composites.

The dendritic polymers used in the process of the present invention are hydrophilic by virtue of their nonlinear structure, but their specific geometry substantially curtails any unwanted tendency for thermal postcrosslinking, so that the dendritic polymers can be added during the surface-postcrosslinking operation. There is no need for any additional admixing step. The globular shape is particularly advantageous here with regard to the viscosity of the aqueous solution in incipiently or fully swollen superabsorbents. Consequently, saline flow conductivity remains high, even at a high polymer use level.

The dustbinding ability of the dendritic polymer is excellent, especially the binding ability of dusty or powdery additives. There is virtually no detectable attritus in the product after harsh mechanical exposure as well as directly after application.

The conveying properties of the end product are also influenced by the solvent used at surface postcrosslinking. Propylene glycol/water has distinct advantages over isopropanol/water. On the other hand, unconverted propylene glycol (unlike unconverted isopropanol) is difficult to remove and remains in the end product. The alcohol content of the dried end product is typically in the range from 5000 to 15 000 weight ppm when propylene glycol is used, but is less than 1000 weight ppm, preferably less than 500 weight ppm and more preferably less than 100 weight ppm when isopropanol is used, which is preferred.

The addition of dendritic polymers in the process of the present invention makes it possible to use isopropanol/water (30% by weight of isopropanol in water) as a solvent in surface postcrosslinking to obtain superabsorbents having conveying properties which were hitherto only available on using propylene glycol/water (30% by weight of propylene glycol in water).

To determine the quality of the present invention's aftertreatment, the dried hydrogel is tested by test methods described hereinbelow:

Methods:

The measurements should be carried out at ambient temperature of 23±2° C. and a relative humidity of 50±10%, unless otherwise stated. The swellable hydrogel-forming polymer is thoroughly mixed through before the measurement.

Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC)

This method measures the free swellability of the hydrogel in a teabag. To measure the CRC, 0.2000±0.0050 g of dried hydrogel (particle fraction 106-850 μm) are weighed in a teabag 60×85 mm in size, which is subsequently sealed. The teabag is placed for 30 minutes in an excess of 0.9% by weight sodium chloride solution (at least 0.83 l of sodium chloride solution/1 g of polymer powder). The teabag is subsequently centrifuged at 250 G for 3 minutes. The amount of liquid retained by the hydrogel is determined by weighing back the centrifuged teabag.

Centrifuge retention capacity can also be determined by the centrifuge retention capacity test method No. 441.2-02 recommended by EDANA (European Disposables and Nonwovens Association).

Absorbency Under Load (AUL) 0.7 psi (4830 Pa)

The measuring cell for determining the AUL 0.7 psi value is a Plexiglas cylinder 60 mm in internal diameter and 50 mm in height. Adhesively attached to its underside is a stainless steel sieve bottom having a mesh size of 36 μm. The measuring cell further includes a plastic plate having a diameter of 59 mm and a weight which can be placed in the measuring cell together with the plastic plate. The plastic plate and the weight together weigh 1344 g. AUL 0.7 psi is determined by determining the weight of the empty Plexiglas cylinder and of the plastic plate and recording it as W₀. Then 0.900±0.005 g of swellable hydrogel-forming polymer (particle size distribution 150-800 μm) is weighed into the Plexiglas cylinder and distributed very uniformly over the stainless steel sieve bottom. The plastic plate is then carefully placed in the Plexiglas cylinder, the entire unit is weighed and the weight is recorded as W_(a). The weight is then placed on the plastic plate in the Plexiglas cylinder. A ceramic filter plate 120 mm in diameter and 10 mm in height (Duran, from Schott) and 0 in porosity is then placed in the middle of a Petri dish 200 mm in diameter and 30 mm in height and sufficient 0.9% by weight sodium chloride solution is introduced for the surface of the liquid to be level with the filter plate surface without the surface of the filter plate being wetted. A round filter paper 90 mm in diameter and <20 μm in pore size (S&S 589 Schwarzband from Schleicher & Schüll) is subsequently placed on the ceramic plate. The Plexiglas cylinder holding swellable hydrogel-forming polymer is then placed with plastic plate and weight on top of the filter paper and left there for 60 minutes. At the end of this period, the complete unit is taken out of the Petri dish from the filter paper and then the weight is removed from the Plexiglas cylinder. The Plexiglas cylinder holding swollen hydrogel is weighed out together with the plastic plate and the weight is recorded as W_(b).

Absorbency under load (AUL) is calculated as follows: AUL 0.7 psi [g/g]=[W _(b) −W _(a) ]/[W _(a) −W ₀]

The absorbency under load can also be determined by the absorption under pressure test method No. 442.2-02 recommended by EDANA (European Disposables and Nonwovens Association).

Saline Flow Conductivity (SFC)

The saline flow conductivity of a swollen gel layer under a confining pressure of 0.3 psi (2070 Pa) is determined as described in EP-A-0 640 330 as the gel layer permeability of a swollen gel layer of superabsorbent polymer, although the apparatus described on page 19 and in FIG. 8 of the previously cited patent application was modified to the effect that the glass frit (40) is no longer used, the piston (39) is made of the same plastic material as the cylinder (37) and now contains 21 equally sized holes uniformly distributed over the entire contact surface. The procedure and also evaluation of the measurement remains unchanged compared with EP-A-0 640 330. The flow rate is recorded automatically.

The saline flow conductivity (SFC) is calculated as follows: SFC[cm³s/g]=(F _(g)(t=0)×L ₀)/(d×A×WP), where F_(g)(t=0) is the flow rate of NaCl solution in g/s obtained from a linear regression analysis of the F_(g)(t) data of the flow rate determinations by extrapolation to t=0; L₀ is the thickness of the gel layer in cm; d is the density of the NaCl solution in g/cm³; A is the area of the gel layer in cm²; and WP is the hydrostatic pressure above the gel layer in dyn/cm². Flow Rate (FLR)

This method determines the rate at which the swellable hydrogel-forming polymer flows through a funnel. To determine the FLR, 100±0.01 of dried hydrogel are weighed into a sealable metal funnel. The weight of the swellable hydrogel-forming polymer is recorded as W₁. The funnel corresponds to German Industrial Specification DIN 53492. The efflux pipe of the funnel is 145.0±0.5 mm in height and 10.00±0.01 mm in internal diameter. The angle of inclination of the funnel's wall relative to the horizontal is 200. The metal funnel is grounded. The funnel is subsequently opened and the time taken for the funnel to empty is measured. The time is noted as t.

The measurement is carried out twice. The difference between the two measured values obtained must not be more than 5%.

The flow rate (FLR) is calculated as follows: FLR[g/s]=W ₁ /t

The flow rate can also be determined by the flowrate test method No. 450.2-02 recommended by EDANA (European Disposables and Nonwovens Association).

Pour-Out Weight (ASG)

This method determines the density of the swellable hydrogel-forming polymer after pouring out. The measurement is carried out with a cylindrical pycnometer conforming to DIN 53466. The pycnometer has a volume (V) of 100.0±0.5 ml, an internal diameter of 45.0±0.1 mm and a height of 63.1±0.1 mm. The pycnometer is weighed empty. The weight is noted as W₁. To determine the ASG, about 100 g of dried hydrogel are weighed into a sealable metal funnel. The funnel corresponds to German Industrial Specification DIN 53492. The efflux pipe of the funnel is 145.0±0.5 mm in height and 10.00±0.01 mm in internal diameter. The angle of inclination of the funnel's wall relative to the horizontal is 20°. The metal funnel and the pycnometer are grounded. The funnel is subsequently emptied into the pycnometer, with excess swellable hydrogel-forming polymer overflowing. The overflown swellable hydrogel-forming polymer is scraped off by means of a spatula. The filled pycnometer is weighed and the weight recorded as W₂.

The measurement is carried out twice. The difference between the two measured values obtained must not be more than 5%.

The pour-out weight (ASG) is calculated as follows: ASG[g/ml]=[W ₂ −W ₁ ]/V

The pour-out weight can also be determined by the density test method No. 460.2-02 recommended by EDANA (European Disposables and Nonwovens Association).

Fragility Test

The fragility test is used to determine the behavior of the swellable hydrogel-forming polymer when exposed to a mechanical stressor. The test is carried out with a sealable stoneware cup. The stoneware cup is 85.7 mm (3⅜ inches) in diameter, 111.1 mm (4⅜ inches) in height and 379 cm³ (0.1 gallons) in volume. The opening is 31.8 mm (1¼ inches) in diameter. The height with lid is 139.7 mm (5½ inches). The stoneware cup is filled with 50 g of swellable hydrogel-forming polymer and 127 g of cylindrical stoneware grinding media. The stoneware grinding media are 12.7 mm (½ inch) in diameter, 12.7 mm (½ inch) in height and about 5.3 g in individual weight. The stoneware cup is sealed and rotated for 15 minutes on a roll mill (for example from U.S. Stoneware, US) at 180 rpm.

Dust

Dust fractions can be determined by the dust test method No. 490.2-02 recommended by EDANA (European Disposables and Nonwovens Association).

Anticaking Test

A 100 ml glass beaker has 30 g of swellable hydrogel-forming polymer weighed into it. The beaker is subsequently stored at 40° C. and a relative humidity of 95% for 2 hours. After storage, the swellable hydrogel-forming polymer is poured out. The pour-out behavior is qualitatively assessed on a scale where “very poor” means that a stable skin has formed on the surface of the swellable hydrogel-forming polymer and the swellable hydrogel-forming polymer stays in the beaker, “very good” means that the swellable hydrogel-forming polymer can be fully poured out, and the values inbetween mean that a ring of swellable hydrogel-forming polymer remains on the walls of the beaker.

Particle Size Distribution

The particle size distribution can be determined by the particle size distribution—sieve fractionation test method No. 420.2-02 recommended by EDANA (European Disposables and Nonwovens Association). All that is needed in addition is a 500 μm sieve.

It is alternatively possible to use a photographic method which has previously been calibrated against a sieve standard.

16 h Extractables

The level of extractable constituents in the hydrogel-forming polymer can be determined by the determination of extractable polymer content by potentiometric titration test method No. 470.2-02 recommended by EDANA (European Disposables and Nonwovens Association).

pH

The pH of the hydrogel-forming polymer can be determined by the determination of pH test method No. 400.2-02 recommended by EDANA (European Disposables and Nonwovens Association).

EXAMPLES Examples 1 to 4

ASAP 500 Z base polymer was postcrosslinked in a Lödige laboratory mixer by spraying with 3.16% by weight of isopropanol/water (30:70) and 0.085% by weight of 2-oxazolidinone, both percentages being based on the base polymer, and subsequent heating to 175° C. for 120 minutes. Dendritic polymers and/or calcium triphosphate were added in the process as appropriate. The polymer obtained was subsequently sized and declumped by sieving through an 850 μm sieve. The products were tested and analyzed by laser falling tube method for attritus/dust (<10 μm). The same products were mechanically degraded by means of a roll mill and retested for attritus content.

The results of Examples 1 to 4 are summarized in table 1.

Example 5

A base polymer was produced by the continuous kneader process described in WO 01/38402. To this end, acrylic acid was continuously neutralized with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and diluted with water such that the degree of neutralization of the acrylic acid was in the range from 72 to 74 mol % and the solids content (=sodium acrylate and acrylic acid) of this solution was about 37.3% by weight. The crosslinker used was polyethylene glycol 400 diacrylate in an amount of 0.90% by weight, based on acrylic acid monomer, and the crosslinker was continuously admixed into the monomer stream. Initiation was likewise effected by continuous admixture of aqueous solutions of the initiators sodium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid in accordance with the directions in WO 01/38402, although the exact metering can be adapted by a person skilled in the art.

The polymer was dried on a belt dryer, ground and then sized to a particle size range from 150 to 500 μm by sieving.

The base polymer thus produced has the following properties:

CRC=33.8 g/

AUL 0.3 psi=21.8 g/g

FLR=10.7 g/s

ASG=0.66 g cm⁻³

Extractables (16 h)=9.4% by weight

pH=6.0-6.1

Particle size distribution:

>600 μm=0.09% by weight

>500 μm=2.06% by weight

>150 μm=96.85% by weight

>45 μm=0.96% by weight

<45 μm=0.04% by weight

This base polymer was sprayed with the surface-postcrosslinking solution and subsequently heat-treated on a pilot plant. The spraying took place in a Schuggi® 100 D Flexomix mixer with gravimetric metering of the base polymer feed and continuous, mass flow controlled liquid metering through two-material nozzles. All weight percentages which follow are based on base polymer used. The postcrosslinking solution contained 0.12% by weight of 2-oxazolidinone, 0.20% by weight of Boltorn H 40® (Perstorp Specialty Chemicals AB, Sweden), 0.50% by weight of C13-09® tricalcium phosphate (Chemische Fabrik Budenheim KG, Germany), 0.747% by weight of isopropanol, 0.12% by weight of 1,2-propanediol, 2.023% by weight of water. The tricalcium phosphate was initially dispersed in water using a high-speed stirrer and subsequently all other reagents were added and homogenized. The postcrosslinking solution was sprayed onto the base polymer at a liquid rate of about 3.5-3.7% by weight based on polymer. The moist polymer was dropped direct from the Schuggi mixer into an NARA® NPD 1.6 W reaction dryer. The throughput rate of base polymer was about 60 kg/h and the product temperature of the steam-heated dryer at the dryer outlet was about 179° C. The dryer was connected on the downstream side to a cooler, which rapidly cooled the product down to about 50° C. The exact residence time in the dryer can be precisely predetermined by means of the throughput rate of the polymer through the dryer. The residence time in the dryer and the product temperature influence the properties which can be achieved for the end product.

The end product obtained had the following properties (mean value from 17 samples):

CRC=25.4 g/g

AUL 0.7 psi=23.3 g/g

SFC=185×10⁻⁷ cm³ s g⁻¹

FSR=0.27 g/g s

FLR=10.9 g/s

ASG=0.68 g/cm³

Particle size distribution:

>600 μm=0.8% by weight

>500 μm=3.9% by weight

>400 μm=30.6% by weight

>300 μm=36.8% by weight

>150 μm=26.1% by weight

>106 μm=1.8% by weight

<106 μm=0.1% by weight

The fraction of measurable attritus was 8 ppm.

Example 6

Example 6 was repeated. The throughput rate of base polymer was increased to about 90 kg/h. The shorter residence time resulted in the following properties:

CRC=26.3 g/g

AUL 0.7 psi=24.0 g/g

SFC=138×10⁻⁷ cm³s g⁻¹

FSR=0.32 g g⁻¹ s⁻¹

The fraction of measurable attritus was 10 ppm.

TABLE 1 SFC Attritus Attritus CRC AUL 0.7 [10⁻⁷ FLR ASG before mill after mill Anticaking Example Additive [g/] [g/g] cm³s/g] [g/s] [g/ml] [ppm] [ppm] test 1 30.9 23.3 45 10.4 0.68 2 26 very poor 2 0.5% by weight of Boltorn ® H40 29.7 22.3 33 9.4 0.64 1 <10 n.d. 3 0.5% by weight of calcium 30.9 23.1 35 9.5 0.65 31 99 very good triphosphate 4 0.5% by weight of calcium 30.4 24.0 62 10.1 0.67 1 4 very good triphosphate 0.5% by weight of Boltorn ® H40 

1. Swellable hydrogel-forming polymer particles comprising (a) hydrogel-forming polymer particles, (b) at least one hydrophilic polymer of dendritic structure, and (c) at least one water-insoluble phosphate, wherein (b) and (c) are present on the surfaces of particles (a).
 2. The polymer particles of claim 1 wherein said hydrophilic polymer of dendritic structure comprises a polyester formed from a polyol and 2,2-dimethylolpropionic acid.
 3. The polymer particles of claim 1 wherein said hydrophilic polymer of dendritic structure comprises a polypropyleneimine, a polyamidoamine, or a polyesteramide.
 4. The polymer particles of claim 1 wherein said water-insoluble phosphate comprises a calcium phosphate.
 5. The polymer particles of claim 1 further comprising a powdery additive, a dusty additive, or a mixture thereof.
 6. The polymer particles of claim 5 wherein said additive comprises a metal salt, a pyrogenic silica, a polysaccharide, a nonionic surfactant, a wax, diatomaceous earth, or mixtures thereof.
 7. The polymer particles of claim 5 wherein said additive is present in the form of hollow microspheres which are from 1 to 1000 μm in diameter and whose wall thickness comprises from 1% to 10% of said diameter.
 8. The polymer particles of claim 1 comprising less than 50 weight ppm of particles less than 10 μm in diameter.
 9. The polymer particles of claim 1 comprising less than 50 weight ppm of particles less than 10 μm in diameter after exposure to a mechanical stress.
 10. The polymer particles of claim 1 wherein not less than 90% by weight of the particles are between 150 and 500 μm in diameter and which are characterized by a CRC of not less than 25 g/g, an AUL or not less than 22 g/g, and an SFC of not less than 80×10⁻⁷ cm³ sg⁻¹.
 11. The polymer particles of claim 1 wherein not less than 90% by weight of the particles are between 100 and 600 μm in diameter and which are characterized by a CRC of not less than 25 g/g, an AUL of not less than 22 g/g, and an SFC of not less than 60×10⁻⁷ cm³ sg⁻¹.
 12. The polymer particles of claim 11 wherein not less than 95% by weight of the particles are between 100 and 600 μm in diameter.
 13. The polymer particles of claim 11 wherein not less than 99% by weight of the particles are between 100 and 600 μm in diameter.
 14. The polymer particles of claim 1 having a CRC of not less than 26 g/g and an AUL of not less than 23 g/g.
 15. The polymer particles of claim 1 having a CRC of not less than 30 g/g and an AUL of not less than 25 g/g.
 16. The polymer particles of claim 1 having an SFC of not less than 80×10⁻⁷ cm³ sg⁻¹.
 17. The polymer particles of claim 1 having an SFC of not less than 120×10⁻⁷ cm³ sg⁻¹.
 18. The polymer particles of claim 1 wherein the hydrogel-forming polymer particles (a) comprise a partially neutralized polyacrylic acid.
 19. The polymer particles of claim 1 wherein the particles are surface-postcrosslinked with at least one surface postcrosslinker.
 20. The polymer particles of claim 1 wherein the hydrophilic polymer of dendritic structure is present on the surfaces of particles (a) from 0.005% to 10%, by weight, of the swellable hydrogel-forming polymer particles.
 21. The polymer particles of claim 1 wherein said hydrophilic polymer of dendritic structure comprises a polyester formed from a polyol and 2,2-dimethylolpropionic acid and said water insoluble phosphate comprises a calcium phosphate.
 22. The polymer particles of claim 1 wherein said hydrophilic polymer of dendritic structure comprises a polypropyleneimine, a polyamidoamine, or a polyesteramide and said water insoluble phosphate comprises a calcium phosphate. 